United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom is the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), which is generally known as the United Nations (United Kingdom) or Britain (Britain), is a country of North-West Europe. This island is spread over the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland on different islands.
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Map
The Pacific Ocean and its sub-ships around the UK,
including the Sea North, Rudan England, Mediterranean and Sea Irish.
Mediterranean
Sea Irish
The UK is a political alliance that 4 countries are combined with England, Scotchistan, Wales and Northern Ireland. Apart from this, there are many other people around the world, including Bermuda, Jabal al-Mubarak or Gibraltar, Montshert and St. Helena.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy that, like the 16 Commonwealth countries, has Queen Elizabeth II as its ruler.
The UK is a member of the G8 and a highly developed country. Its economy is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest in Europe at انداز 2.2 trillion. The UK is the third largest country in the European Union in terms of population with a population of 60.2 million. The United Kingdom is a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the United Nations, and a permanent member of the Security Council. Britain is one of the world's major nuclear powers. It is also a member of the European Union.
Despite the demise of the British Empire, the global use of the English language and the influence of the Commonwealth on Britain still remain in the world.
History
The United Kingdom is one of the richest countries in Europe, with a rich history. The religious leaders of these Britons were called Dravidians. At that time, one of the deities here was Mathura. They were not highly developed, but they are still considered part of the Roman civilization.
Hadrian was crowned King of Rome by the Roman Senate in 117 AD. Hadrian paid special attention to Britain during this period. Ancient British roads were built during Hadrian's time and fortifications began during Hadrian's time. After which, for a long time, Britain remained a province of the Roman Empire
At the same time, the migration of bloodthirsty tribes from Central Asian countries and Russia and other regions to Europe began. The warring tribes, most of whom had migrated from Central Asia and Russia to Europe, created an atmosphere of war and strife in Europe. And they abandoned their native religions and adopted the European religion Christianity
tribes
Of the warring tribes, the Gaths, which were divided into eastern and western Gaths, were the most militant and warrior
. Rome, with a population of about half a million, was devastated by the Gothic invasion. Constantine replaces Rome with Constantinople because of the Gothic invasion, but the Goths soon became influenced by Christianity. Occupied most of Europe, which led to the fact that although the Goths had become Christians, the civilized and former rulers of Europe did not look favorably on the Goths during the Gath rule. Although there was some stability in Europe, it was not as it was under Roman rule.
Kings and queens of the Windsor dynasty
The Windsor family was renamed
George V from 1910 to 1936
Edward VII. From 1936 to 1936, he married a girl from a non-royal family, left the throne, and moved to Switzerland.
George VI from 1936 to 1952
Queen Elizabeth II 1952 to present
The British Isles were also badly affected by the invaders' attacks. On the one hand, the Roman government's grip was weakened, and on the other hand, regional governments were formed which consisted of small territories. At a time when Christianity was being preached in Britain and various parts of Britain were being converted from idolatry to Christianity, in the eighth century, Britain was invaded by the Danish tribes living in Denmark.
At the same time, the Norwegian warlord Wai King also launched an invasion to occupy Britain. King Alfred I of Britain was a very brave king called Alfred the Great who fought the longest wars against these Wyking invaders and fought Wyking with great bravery which forced Wyking to retreat but Despite Alfred Azam's peace treaty with Wyking, the strategic area in which the territory above the River Thames, in which a large area of northern and eastern England was ceded to Wyking, remained in Alfred Azam's possession.
His descendants ruled after Alfred the Great. In the late tenth century, the king of Denmark invaded. A member of this family became the regular king of England, but his reign ended soon after his death because he None of his descendants were able to rule, so the government was overthrown in 1042, and Edward, son of Alfred the Great, was made King of England, but Edward Lavald died. There was a war in which Herald was killed and William became King of England. It is clear that although William Edward was related to Normandy, his government is considered Norman government.
Politics
Britain is a state under a constitutional monarchy. In addition to being the ruler of fifteen other Commonwealth states, Queen Elizabeth II is the President of the United Kingdom. The ruler has the right to advise, to encourage and to warn. The United Kingdom is one of only four countries in the world to have no constitution. The Constitution of the United Kingdom, therefore, consists mostly of separate written sources, including written law, fair-minded legal law and international treaties, in accordance with constitutional norms. Since there is no significant difference between written law and constitutional law, the British Parliament can make constitutional amendments only by issuing a parliamentary law and therefore has the political power to repeal almost any written or unwritten element of the constitution. However, no parliament can pass a law that the next parliament cannot change.
Government
Britain has a parliamentary government based on the Westminster system that has been imitated around the world: a legacy of British imperialism. The British Parliament, which meets at Westminster Palace,
has two chambers. An elected House of Commons (lower house) and a designated House of Lords (upper house). All draft laws that are issued receive royal approval before they are enacted.
The head of the British government, the Prime Minister, is a Member of Parliament who can get a majority vote in the House of Commons, usually the head of the largest political party in that House. The prime minister chooses the cabinet and is formally appointed by the ruler.
The cabinet is usually made up of members of the prime minister's party from both houses, mostly from the House of Commons, to which they are responsible. The prime minister and the cabinet have executive power. For the House of Commons elections, the UK is divided into 650 constituencies, each of which elects a Member of Parliament. The general election is decided by the ruler on the advice of the prime minister. Parliamentary laws of 1911 and 1949 require that new elections be held five years after the previous ones.
The three largest political parties in Britain are the Conservative Party, the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrats.
Scotland
Similarly, in the fifth century, Scotland was divided into four parts. The small tribal chiefs became the chiefs of their respective capitals. In the fifth century AD, the people of Scotland overthrew the British rule and Local government was established, but here too the situation was such that the people of the Scandinavian countries would invade Scotland and sometimes occupy a territory and sometimes a territory but then they realized and in 1034 all Scotland became a government. Came under the flag of
Scotland
Ireland
Before the spread of Christianity in Ireland by Christian monks in the fifth century AD, idolatry was prevalent here. For three hundred years after the spread of Christianity, the system continued to operate in Ireland under Christian monasticism.
A similar situation occurred in Ireland as in England and Scotland, where various tribes from other parts of Europe invaded and occupied, but then in 1171, Norman King Henry II of England, according to the pope's decree Invaded and occupied Ireland and thus established the British government there.
After the Battle of Hastings, Norman rule in England was established. William I, with great foresight, maintained the old feudal system of government in England.
But William still had very strong control over these feudal lords. His orders were that no feudal lord could build a fort without his permission. Appointment of high religious officials was not possible without the king's consent.
After his death, his son William II became king, but the people were very angry with him, which led to William II's death in 1100, after which his son Henry I ascended the throne, during which time trade flourished. It was during Henry's reign that British merchants left Britain and began to compete with other European nations in the field of trade.
Henry II was the son of Matilda, daughter of Henry I. Matilda was married to Geoffrey, the Nawab of Angou.
After Henry II, as long as this family ruled in England, it was called the Plantagenet era. During Henry II, the British system was improved and the territories that had previously passed out of the hands of the British monarchs were improved. In addition, Henry reorganized the finance department of judicial reform and took steps to promote trade.
The most memorable step that still reminds me of Henry II is that he Oxford University was founded in 1209 after his son Richard became king. In history, this king is known as Richard Sherdal. Richard Sherdel himself joined the Third Crusade, after which his sister married Sultan Ayubi with brother.
After Richard's death in 1199, his brother John became king. There is no better king in the history of Britain. John was not a more successful king.
During his reign, on the one hand, there was a conflict with the pope, on the other hand, there were wars with the rich and feudal lords, which led to England. John's name is more famous in history than the history of the democracy that led to the rise of the United Kingdom today.
John signed the document in 1214, known in history as the Magna Carta, the Manifesto of Greater Manifesto, which is considered the cornerstone of democracy in England. During John's reign, the papal influence in England increased. It was important for John to send regular offerings to keep the pope happy. The economy was badly affected. As a result, England became the victim of various revolts.
After his death, his son Henry III became King of England at the age of nine, but he was fortunate to have William Marshall, a very able man who was his father's companion, as viceroy of Henry III. Extremely capable and loyal, he ran the country with great ability and intelligence, which led to no insecurity or mismanagement in England in the presence of the nine-year-old king, but soon after the death of William Marshall.
On the one hand, the Pope demanded donations from the English churches, on the other hand, various religious demands from time to time were raised by the Pope. Henry was married to a French princess But despite the war between England and France, the Pope continued to intervene in Britain.
On the one hand, the Pope began to put constant pressure on his own expenses, the extreme of which was that A third was handed over to the pope, which angered the people. An American committee of 24 members proposed a reform plan. Henry tried hard to break the plan, but without success.
A civil war broke out in which the king's brother-in-law, Siman de Monfort, accepted the leadership of the reformist group. The king was defeated, and Simon took over the entire administrative business. It was formerly called the Great Council, but in 1240 it was renamed Parliament, which continues to this day
In 1925, Simon convened a representative parliament. But even then there was a nominal king because all power was in Edward's hands. Henry died in 1272 and his son Edward became King of England, called Edward I, who is considered one of the most capable and resourceful kings in British history.
In his time, Wales's revolt ended, and Scotland joined Britain, although the accession was formal, but the Scottish flag of England was raised, along with Edward, the most important decision to improve the British economy.
The first thing he did was that in 1290, Edward I ordered the Jews to leave the borders of England. In 1295, a representative parliament was convened,
Edward I
which was attended by Bishop, Abbott, great aristocrats, eminent warriors and various tribal chiefs. The Magna Carta was confirmed for the first time in the delegates' meeting The Magna Carta added that the king would not impose any non-feudal taxes without the approval of parliament. One of the virtues of Edward's time was that the king kept in touch with the middle class and listened to their suggestions.
The King's move proved to be very helpful in maintaining democracy in England, as well as the reform of the courts. The details were listed. Edward's era is also significant in that Ireland and Scotland became part of England during this period, which was the beginning of Great Britain, and the most important work Edward did was to move towards the University of Oxford in 1209.
Oxford University is currently considered to be the oldest university in the world, with millions of students completing their education and spreading around the world.
This was the period when the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, marched out of Mongolia, defeating the great powers of the outside world and terrorizing the Mongols. The Mongols' horse caps covered the most important and powerful states of the Islamic world, Samarkand, Bukhara and Baghdad.
The Mongols invaded all of Russia, Poland, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Romania on the one hand, and Pope, the greatest spiritual figure of Christianity in Europe, on the other. Called the punishment of God and invited all the kings of Europe to unite to face this punishment of God but soon after the death of the first Mongol king Genghis Khan after the first defeat at the hands of the Muslims in Asia the Mongols
The force began to disperse, as a result of which their hurricane attacks ceased in Europe, and European states began to gain independence from the Mongols one by one. The effects of this situation were felt in Britain as well as the defeat of the Mongols. On the other hand, the tribes began to seek refuge in Britain With the rise of Europe and the rise of Europe, the process of settling in the United Kingdom continued. It would be said that it was a virtue of the British nation that the British took advantage of this situation and created a national atmosphere which resulted in The prospects for national development became wider and wider.
After the death of Edward I, his son, Edward II, ascended the throne. He was not very capable, so the aristocracy had control over Edward II, so neither Edward II could do anything without the approval of Parliament. Nor could he declare war without the approval of Parliament. During this period, Scottish rebels defeated the Imperial army, which led to the independence of Scotland. The consequences of Edward's defeat were such that in 1327, He was forced to abdicate.
He was assassinated after eight months in prison, after which Edward III was made king at the age of fifteen, but he soon took matters into his own hands. In 1330 he took over all the power and in 1337 he started a war against France which lasted for a hundred years. Therefore, this war is also called the Hundred Years' War. Under Edward III, the administrative affairs were rectified. According to John Wycliffe, the founder of this movement, the Darul Uloom and Dar Al-Amra were started during the reign of the Prophet, but in 1348 a bloody plague broke out due to which half of the population died. It was said that everyone can have a direct
1348 a bloody plague broke out due to which half of the population died.
relationship with God without any intercession and there is no need to have endowments with the churches, and the practice of not getting married by the clergy is wrong, the clergy have accumulated wealth. The chain of command is wrong. John Wycliffe thus overthrew all power of the pope and clergy. John Wycliffe translated the Bible into English in 1372. John Wycliffe suffered a great deal in the last days because of these ideas.
On the other hand, due to old age, Edward became completely incapacitated. His eldest son was also ill. Due to this, the British system deteriorated. His son tried to correct the situation but he died in 1376. His son Richard III. He ascended the throne, who was only ten years old at the time of his accession. His uncle John, the Duke of Lancaster, was made head of the king's patron council. There was a great need for money which was sought to be obtained by levying taxes which led to growing unrest in the UK which led to incidents of violence in some places and abuse of farmers by big landlords. As a result of the revolt of the peasants, the centers of the feudal lords were burnt down, the great landlords and the legislators were killed in this revolt. The main demands of the mob were that the landlords impose unnecessary taxes on the farmers. The end of the churches should be taken away and all hunting laws should be abolished. The king met with the mob and negotiated with them carefully, as a result of which the mob returned. Meanwhile, Wet Tyler was killed. Attempts to become independent were opposed by Parliament. At the same time, the Duke of Lancaster's son came from Ireland. Died in 1400
Family Lancaster
With the death of Richard, the Lancaster dynasty began in Britain, founded by Henry III, son of the Duke of Lancaster. Sent his army to the aid of rebel chiefs, but Henry died in 1413, after which his son Henry V became king. Henry V is considered a very worthy king. He made peace with the Duke of Burgundy Claimed the throne and started a war against France, after which Henry's forces defeated France at the site of the Agencourt and conquered the Normandy area. Deprived of the empire, it was announced that Henry V would be the next king of France, but Henry died suddenly in 1422. After
the death of Henry V, his nine-month-old son was made king by the title of Henry VI. As the king's guardian, Ikhtiar's uncle became viceroy in France and viceroy in England. Rebellion began in Nass. The revolt was started by the famous John of Arc, which ended the British rule in France. In 1437, Henry came of age but he could not prove to be a good ruler. In his time, there was chaos. Sometimes a Nawab would gather an army and control it. Under these circumstances, the grandson of the Duke of York declared rebellion against the king, thus beginning a civil war between two branches of the same family. In this war between the York and Lancaster families, York defeated the royal army. The king was captured, but the king's mother and Henry V's widow gathered troops and defeated the Duke of York's armies. The Duke of York was killed in battle, but with the support of the people of southern England, the Duke of York's son Edward became king. The armies began to be defeated, which soon led to the defeat of the Lancaster dynasty and the beginning of the reign of the York dynasty in 1461. In 1465, Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in a tower The family spent the last days like Richard, the last king of the Plantagenet.
Details of royal families in the United Kingdom
The House of Blois, also known as the Norman Dynasty, was limited to one kingdom from 1135 to 1154.
Family Plantagenet 1154 to 1400
Lancaster family 1400 to 1471
York family 1471 to 1485
Tudor family 1485 to 1603
Great Britain or United Kingdom began
Family Stuart 1603 to 1649
Cromwell and his son Richard Cromwell became dictators from 1649 to 1712
The Stuart dynasty was restored from 1660 to 1714
Hanover Dynasty 1714-1901
The House of Gotha was named after the family for nine years, from 1901 to 1910
The Windsor family is originally from Hanover, but has since been renamed 1910.
Very informative👍
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